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16 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) fails to induce interferon in the cells that it infects, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. A cryptic sensor for HIV-1 activates antiviral innate immunity in dendritic cells.
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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7312/abs/nature09337.html
15 Holt et al. describe an anti-HIV strategy in which human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are modified with zinc-finger nucleases to knock out the viral co-receptor CCR5. Transplantation of these cells into mice confers resistance to HIV, as shown by higher human T-cell counts and lower viral loads compared with animals that received unmodified cells.
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13 CD46 is best known as a regulator of complement function. Kemper et al. show that CD46 can switch inflammatory T cells into a regulatory mode and demonstrate the molecular details of this process.
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12 Fish lack immunoglobulin A, which suggests that they lack specialized mucosal antibodies. Immunoglobulin T fulfills this mucosal antibody function and engenders protection against gut parasites.
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http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v11/n9/abs/ni.1913.html
11 Allergies to nickel are the most frequent cause of contact hypersensitivity in industrialized countries. Nickel induces an inflammatory response via direct activation of human Toll-like receptor 4.
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9 MicroRNAs regulate many biological processes, including the development of cells of the immune response. Li et al. demonstrate that a decrease in particular microRNAs prevents macrophage hyperactivation but primes their responsiveness to proinflammatory stimuli.
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8 A costimulatory receptor for immune cells in the skin is identified.
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http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/329/5996/1205
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